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French lugger Affronteur (1795)
The French lugger ''Affronteur'' was launched in 1795 and in 1796-7 participated in the Expédition d'Irlande. In 1803, captured her and she subsequently served the Royal Navy either as a commissioned vessel or, more probably, as His Majesty's hired armed brig ''Caroline''. In 1807 she was either broken up, or became a letter of marque.
==Design and French service==
''Affronteur'' was the name ship of her two-vessel class. captured her sister ship ''Vautour'' in November 1803. The vessels were probably built to a design by Pierre-Alexandre Forfait.〔
In 1796 she was under the command of ''Enseigne de vaisseau non entretenu'' Catelain.〔〔Fonds, Vol. 1, p.182.〕〔Actually, the rank was "Lieutenant de vaisseau non entretenu", where "non entretenu" means "not paid", or "without a salary". The rank was that of Lieutenant, but junior to "Lieutenant de vaisseau entretenu". In addition to not being paid, an officer "non entretenu" would wear the uniform and have authority only when on service. There was a fixed number of positions for "entretenus", which required a competitive examination, while there was an unlimited number of "non entretenus", and one could obtain the status by a simple examination or by captaining a merchantman.〕 Between December 1796 and January 1797 she participated in the Expédition d'Irlande, Republican France's attempt to assist the outlawed Society of United Irishmen, a popular rebel Irish republican group, in their planned rebellion against British rule. Weather and events conspired to render the expedition ineffectual; most of the French vessels returned to France, having accomplished nothing. Between 23 September 1800 and 14 November 1801 ''Affronteur'' was at Brest, being refitted.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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